التَّأْصِيلُ اللِّسَانِيُّ لِخِطَابِ الْكَرَاهِيَّة: دِرَاسَةٌ تَحْلِيلِيَّة فِي اَلْمُنْجَز اَلْحُقُوقِيِّ

meriem agrine

Авторы

meriem agrine Biskra university

Ключевые слова:

خطاب, الكراهية, الجريمة, التحليل اللساني, الفئات المهمّشة, كثافة الخطاب

Аннотация

تهدف الورقة إلى تحليل معمق ودقيق لنطاق خطاب الكراهية ومحاول تأصيل؛ مفهومه، سياقه، والفاعلين فيه، تأثيراً وتأثراً. على الرغم من الغموض السائد والمناقشات المفتوحة المحيطة بمصطلح "خطاب الكراهية" إلا أنه لم يتم التوصل لتعريف جامع مانع يضبط مفهوم وحدود المصطلح حتى يتسنى إنفاذه سواء من قبل المشرعين أو القضاة. غير أن "خطاب الكراهية"، اليوم، أصبح يشير إلى مجموعة متنوعة من أفعال الكلام وغيرها من السلوكيات السيئة التي تحدث في المجتمع، وتتدرج، تصاعدياً، بدءًا من الكلام غير المتحضر والمزعج (والذي يتم التسامح معه غالباً) وصولًا إلى الأفعال المجرّمة جزائيّاً بموجب القانون. من هنا تولّدت فكرة هذه الدراسة في محاولة التحليل اللساني لفكرة خطاب الكراهية في السياقين اللّغوي والقانوني، من خلال بحث متعدّد التخصّصات، يحاول تأصيل المفهوم والإحاطة بمختلف جوانبه، ويحاول تقديم دليل منهجـيّ لساني-قانوني سيسهم بشكل ما في توضيح أبعاد فكرة خطاب الكراهية ورسم حدود فاصلة بين "خطاب الكراهية" و"جريمة الكراهية" من خلال تحليل المعايّير اللّغويّة اللّسانيّة السائدة ومحاولة تطويرها لسدّ هذه الفجوة العلميّة. خلصت الدراسة إلى إنّ "الكراهية"، في حدّ ذاتها، كمشاعر إنسانية سلبية ليست جريمة. وأن السّمة الأساسية أو المركزية في تجريم "خطاب الكراهية" مرتبطة بالبعد الرمزي؛ فالجاني من خلال ارتكاب جريمة الكراهية يبعث برسالة إلى الضحية وإلى مجتمعه في الآن ذاته. لكون الجريمة مُصممة، أساساً لإرسال رسالة، ليس فقط إلى الضحية المباشرة، ولكن أيضا إلى المجتمع الذي تنتمي إليه. كما قدّمت الدراسة لمقياس دلالي لسانيّ هرمي لقياس وتحليل "شدّة" و"كثافة" الخطاب الحاض على الكراهية. يمكن، إذن، في نهاية المطاف اعتبار جرائم الكراهية كـ "جرائم رسائل رمزية" تنقل فكرة "الآخرية" وتعمل كممارسة إقصائية.

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• مواقع الانترنت.

• https://dangerousspeech.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Dangerous-Speech-Guidelines-2013.pdf

• https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/hate-speech

• https://items.ssrc.org/disinformation-democracy-and-conflict-prevention/classifying-and-identifying-the-intensity-of-hate-speech/