ریشهیابی زبانی گفتار نفرتانگیز: بررسی تحلیلی در چارچوب دستاوردهای حقوقی
DOI::
https://doi.org/10.22046/LA.2023.22کلمات کلیدی:
خطاب, الكراهية, الجريمة, التحليل اللساني, الفئات المهمّشة, كثافة الخطابچکیده
گفتار نفرتانگیز عموماً گروهها و اقلیتهای خاصی را هدف قرار میدهد و در شرایط آشفتگیهای سیاسی و اقتصادی جهانی به مسئلهای فوری تبدیل گشته است. این پدیده از زبان توهینآمیز برای تحقیر، غیرانسانی جلوه دادن و تخریب حیثیت افرادی که دارای افکار متفاوت هستند، بهره میگیرد. خطر اصلی آن در قابلیت انتشار سریع و دامن زدن به عدم مدارا و کینهتوزی نهفته است که غالباً به رفتارهای خشونتآمیز، تراژدیهای فردی یا فجایع جمعی منجر میشود. علیرغم ابهامات و مناقشات پیرامون تعریف این مفهوم و نبود تعریف حقوقی دقیق و جهانشمول، امروزه این اصطلاح دامنه وسیعی از رفتارها را در بر میگیرد که از گفتارهای توهینآمیزِ عموماً تحملپذیر تا اعمال مجرمانه قابل تعقیب کیفری را شامل میشود. از این منظر، هدف این مقاله، انجام تحلیل عمیق از این پدیده با بهرهگیری از رهیافتی میانرشتهای است تا درکی بنیادین از این مفهوم در بافتارهای زبانی و حقوقی آن فراهم آورد. این پژوهش در پی ارائه چارچوبی روششناختی برای تمایز نهادن بین «گفتار نفرتانگیز» و «جرم مبتنی بر نفرت» از طریق تحلیل معیارهای زبانی رایج است. یافتههای این مطالعه نشان میدهد که احساس نفرت به خودی خود جرم محسوب نمیشود، بلکه مبنای جرمانگاری آن با بعد نمادین گفتار مرتبط است. در اینجا، مرتکب تنها به یک قربانی مستقیم حمله نمیکند، بلکه پیامی طردکننده و حاشیهساز را به کل جامعهای که قربانی به آن تعلق دارد، ارسال میکند. همچنین این پژوهش یک مقیاس معناشناختی سلسلهمراتبی برای تحلیل «شدت» و «حدت» چنین گفتاری ارائه میدهد و در نهایت، جرائم مبتنی بر نفرت را «جرائم نمادین» میخواند که با هدف نهادینهسازی «دیگریسازی» و تأثیرگذاری بر ساختار گروههای اجتماعی حاشیهنشین طراحی شدهاند.
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